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This model takes into account a variety of factors, such as risk-free rate, beta, and expected market returns. Finally, tax rate (T) represents taxes associated with interest payments on debt or dividends on equity. Cost of debt is typically determined by interest rates on loans or other financing instruments.
This model takes into account a variety of factors, such as risk-free rate, beta, and expected market returns. Finally, tax rate (T) represents taxes associated with interest payments on debt or dividends on equity. Cost of debt is typically determined by interest rates on loans or other financing instruments.
This model takes into account a variety of factors, such as risk-free rate, beta, and expected market returns. Finally, tax rate (T) represents taxes associated with interest payments on debt or dividends on equity. Cost of debt is typically determined by interest rates on loans or other financing instruments.
energy intensity classification) We first measure COE using an implied COE estimate that relies on residual income and dividend-discounting valuation models. Our findings challenge the widely held belief that higher ESG ratings always lead to a reduction in the cost of equityfinancing. Unlike the traditional factor models (e.g.,
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