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The S&P 500 currently trades at a price to bookvalue of 4.2, suggesting that bookvalue accounts for less than 20% of the S&P 500’s market value. Human capital, for example, is an intangibleasset omitted from balance sheets, and is commonly categorized under the S in ESG.
Searching for stocks with low price-to-book ratios was a good indication of a potential bargain. However, bookvalues are no longer so informative as lots of intangibles are missing from the balance sheet, and some intangibles that are on the balance sheet, including many acquired intangibles and goodwill, are very hard to interpret.
Market-based methods like Comparable Companies Analysis and Precedent Transactions Analysis offer relative measures of value based on market data. Income-based methods such as Discounted Cash Flow analysis focus on future cash flows to determine value. Simplicity: Simpler to calculate with fewer assumptions about future performance.
Dive into the nuances of industry-specific multiples, grasp the challenges of valuingintangibleassets, and discover the evolving landscape of incorporating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors into the valuation framework. One key emphasis is on the Price to BookValue multiple.
In the next section, I look at stock returns for companies in different price to book deciles, in a simplistic assessment of the value premium. With both the size and value premiums, I will extend my assessment over time to see how (and why) these premiums have changed, with lessons for analysts and investors.
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