Musings on Markets

JANUARY 30, 2023

Just as rising equity risk premiums push up the cost of equity, rising default spreads push up the cost of debt of companies, with the added complication of higher default risk for those companies that had pushed to the limits of their borrowing capacity in a low interest-rate environment.

Treasury 96

Treasury Start-ups Risk Premium Equity 96

Reynolds Holding

OCTOBER 22, 2024

In leveraged buyouts (LBOs), a private equity (PE) sponsor acquires controlling ownership of a target company, typically by using a significant amount of bank loans. In a new study, we focus on a controversial issue: Many PE sponsors have prior relationships with law firms representing banks in LBO loan negotiations.

Equity 45

Equity Risk Premium Banking Private Equity Firm 45

ThomsonReuters

MAY 6, 2021

For instance, assume a bank is performing a discounted cash flow analysis for a mortgage. If a bank expects a borrower to make mortgage payments before the contractual due dates, the prepayments would lead to a lower end value in the discounted cash flow calculation than if the payments were made per the contract terms.

Discounted Cash Flow 52

Discounted Cash Flow Risk Premium Risk-free Rate Intangible Assets 52

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 27, 2022

While we have increasingly given central banks primacy in discussions of interest rates, it remains my view that markets set rates, and while central banks can nudge market expectations, they cannot alter them. Connecting this linkage to the discussion of US inflation in the prior sections, here are the takeaways.

Risk-free Rate 99

Risk-free Rate Treasury Price to Book Start-ups 99

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 16, 2024

Investors will either see more relative risk (or beta) in these companies, if the risks affect an entire sector, or in equity risk premiums, if they are market-wide. Applications : My argument for using implied equity risk premiums is that they are dynamic and forward-looking. at the end of 2007 to 0.85

Risk Premium 76

Risk Premium Start-ups Beta Marketability 76

Brian DeChesare

MAY 3, 2023

But people who aim for investment banking roles are very much into those bells and whistles, so questions about the DDM and other “exotic” methodologies began rolling in. To be fair, in some industries – like commercial banks and insurance within FIG – the DDM is a core valuation methodology.

Dividends 64

Dividends Terminal Value Enterprise Value Equity 64

Appraisal Rights

JUNE 5, 2017

Further to our prior post about Delaware’s two new appraisal decisions, SWS Group was a small, struggling bank holding company that merged on January 1, 2015 into one of its own substantial creditors, Hilltop Holdings. Stockholders of SWS received a mix of cash and Hilltop stock worth $6.92 at closing. below the merger price.

Beta 40

Beta Risk Premium Capital Structure Discounted Cash Flow 40

Andrew Stolz

MARCH 20, 2020

A firm borrows from banks or bondholders and it has to pay the interest. The formula implies the return an investor expects from a risk-free investment plus the return from the stock in relation to market volatility. The market risk premium is calculated from a market rate of return less a risk-free rate.

Beta 52

Beta Capital Structure Risk-free Rate Weighted Average Cost of Capital 52

Equilest

MARCH 17, 2022

We note that the higher the expected rate (in other words, the greater the risk is perceived as necessary, to the point of requiring a substantial "risk premium"), the lower the multiple that will apply and therefore the lower valuation: we buy cheaper which is less safe. 11% per year. 10% per year. around 1.5%). -

Business Valuation 40

Business Valuation EBIT Discounted Cash Flow EBITDA 40

Musings on Markets

MARCH 25, 2021

The second and more powerful factor is that the reason that a central bank is able to signal to markets, only if it has credibility, since the signal is more about what the Fed sees, using data that only it might have, about inflation and real growth in the future. Risk premiums No effect or even a decrease.

Equity 52

Equity Risk-free Rate Treasury Start-ups 52

Appraiser Newsroom

JUNE 4, 2024

Dr. Everett is the author of the children’s financial literacy thriller Toby Gold and the Secret Fortune, which incorporates such financial topics as saving, investing, banking, entrepreneurship, interest rates, return on investment, and net worth. Everett He holds a Ph.D. in Quantitative Economics from Tufts University. Petersburg, Russia.

Business Valuation 59

Business Valuation Intangible Assets Appraisal Finance 59

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 19, 2022

In computing this implied equity risk premium for the S&P 500, I start with the dividends and buybacks on the stocks in the index in the most recent year (which is known) and assume that they grow at the rate that analysts who follow the index are projecting for the next five years.

Risk Premium 98

Risk Premium Risk-free Rate Start-ups Equity 98

Musings on Markets

JULY 13, 2022

Country Risk: Equity Risk For equity investors, the price of risk is captured by the equity risk premium, and equity risk premiums will vary across countries. Please do not attach any political significance to my country groupings, or take them personally.

Risk Premium 102

Risk Premium Risk-free Rate Start-ups Equity 102

Musings on Markets

AUGUST 15, 2023

Expected returns for Risky Investments : The risk-free rate becomes the base on which you build to estimate expected returns on all other investments. For instance, if you read my last post on equity risk premiums , I described the equity risk premium as the additional return you would demand, over and above the risk free rate.

Risk-free Rate 98

Risk-free Rate Risk Premium Treasury Start-ups 98

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 27, 2021

In my last post , I described the wild ride that the price of risk took in 2020, with equity risk premiums and default spreads initially sky rocketing, as the virus led to global economic shutdowns, and then just as abruptly dropping back to pre-crisis levels over the course of the year. against developed market currencies.

Start-ups 52

Start-ups Marketability Equity Treasury 52

Musings on Markets

MAY 24, 2021

In a sign of how volatile inflation expectations have been over the last year, I looked at the probabilities that the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Consequently, as inflation increases, equity risk premiums will tend to increase. Louis estimates for inflation rates exceeding 2.5%

Treasury 55

Treasury Start-ups Risk Premium Price to Book 55

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 9, 2021

The second is that there are great (and free) sources for macro economic data, ranging from the Federal Reserve (FRED) to the World Bank and I don’t see the point of replicating something that they already do well.

Risk Premium 52

Risk Premium Market Capitalization Equity Start-ups 52

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 27, 2023

Note that this framework applies for all businesses, from the smallest, privately owned businesses, where debt takes the form of bank loans and even credit card borrowing and equity is owner savings, the largest publicly traded companies, where debt can be in the form of corporate bonds and equity is shares held by public market investors.

Equity 52

Equity EBITDA Start-ups Net Debt 52

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 31, 2024

In my last three posts, I looked at the macro (equity risk premiums, default spreads, risk free rates) and micro (company risk measures) that feed into the expected returns we demand on investments, and argued that these expected returns become hurdle rates for businesses, in the form of costs of equity and capital.

Equity 80

Equity Book Value Start-ups Corporate Finance 80

Musings on Markets

MARCH 19, 2022

The overriding message in all of this data is that Russia/Ukraine war has unleashed fears in the bond market, and once unleashed that fear has pushed up worries about default and default risk premia across the board.

Start-ups 100

Start-ups Risk Premium Equity Market Capitalization 100

Simply Treasury

AUGUST 2, 2022

The idea is not new to encourage companies to increase their capitalization and reduce their bank debt (partly through more recourse to the capital market - CMU project). The rate would be calculated based on a 10-year "risk-free interest" rate depending on the currency, increased by a 1% risk premium (1.5%

Equity 52

Equity Risk Premium Banking Finance 52

Musings on Markets

MARCH 28, 2022

If these ESG revisionists are to be believed, if companies had adopted ESG early enough, there would have been no banking crisis in 2008, and if investors had screened stocks for ESG quality, they would not have lost money in the corporate scandals and meltdowns of the last decade.

Start-ups 116

Start-ups Alpha Risk Premium Marketability 116

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 28, 2025

It was an interesting year for interest rates in the United States, one in which we got more evidence on the limited power that central banks have to alter the trajectory of market interest rates. We started 2024 with the consensus wisdom that rates would drop during the year, driven by expectations of rate cuts from the Fed.

Banking 69

Banking Treasury Risk Premium Start-ups 69

Musings on Markets

JULY 25, 2023

Investors in Saudi Arabia are still exposed to significant risks from political upheaval or unrest, and may prefer a more comprehensive measure of country risk. For three decades, I have wrestled with measuring this additional risk exposure and converting that measurement into an equity risk premium, but it remains a work in progress.

Risk Premium 52

Risk Premium Equity Start-ups Risk-free Rate 52

Musings on Markets

JANUARY 10, 2025

Thus, as you peruse my historical data on implied equity risk premiums or PE ratios for the S&P 500 over time, you may be tempted to compute averages and use them in your investment strategies, or use my industry averages for debt ratios and pricing multiples as the target for every company in the peer group, but you should hold back.

Risk Premium 115

Risk Premium Dividends Start-ups Corporate Finance 115

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 8, 2025

In the first five posts, I have looked at the macro numbers that drive global markets, from interest rates to risk premiums, but it is not my preferred habitat. The second set of inputs are prices of risk, in both the equity and debt markets, with the former measured by equity risk premiums , and the latter by default spreads.

Risk Premium 72

Risk Premium Beta Start-ups Equity 72

Global Finance

MARCH 5, 2025

During his campaign, Argentine President Javier Milei promised to close the countrys central bank and adopt the dollar as the countrys currency. The main attraction of full dollarization is the elimination of the risk of a sudden, sharp devaluation of the countrys exchange rate, the IMF writers point out. from 2004-2007.

Banking 59

Banking Finance Risk Premium Marketability 59

Reynolds Holding

FEBRUARY 23, 2025

NYU Business School Professor Damoradans widely used valuation data, for example, currently shows the United States as having among the lowest equity risk premiums in the world. [3] Bank of England Working Paper (2020). In the United States, the cost of capital is lower than elsewhere. 2] SEC website ( [link] ). [3] 3] [link].

Systematic Risk 45

Systematic Risk Marketability Equity Risk Premium 45

Reynolds Holding

MARCH 25, 2025

Healy before the Subcommittee on Banking and Currency on Wagner-Lea Act, S. Investment companies have been compelled to finance banking clients of the insiders and companies in which they were personally interested. at 25) and they hold more of their wealth in regulated funds, as opposed to bank products, than Europe or Japan ( id.

Corporate Finance 45

Corporate Finance Finance Banking Marketability 45

Musings on Markets

JULY 24, 2024

After the 2008 market crisis, I resolved that I would be far more organized in my assessments and updating of equity risk premiums, in the United States and abroad, as I looked at the damage that can be inflicted on intrinsic value by significant shifts in risk premiums, i.e., my definition of a crisis.

Risk Premium 75

Risk Premium Equity Start-ups EBITDA 75

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 23, 2025

The table below computes debt to capital ratios, in book and market terms, by sector and sub-region: I would begin by separating the financial sector from the rest of the market, since debt to banks is raw material, not a source of capital. Data Update 4 for 2025: Interest Rates, Inflation and Central Banks!

Equity 75

Equity EBITDA Risk Premium Gross Debt 75

Musings on Markets

FEBRUARY 6, 2025

The Risk Effect There are emerging markets that have delivered higher returns than developed markets, but in keeping with a core truth in investing and business, these higher returns often go hand-in-hand with higher risk. The answers, to you, may seem obvious, but I find it useful to organize the obvious into buckets for analysis.

Risk Premium 67

Risk Premium Start-ups Enterprise Value Equity 67

Musings on Markets

MARCH 15, 2025

Thus, my estimates of equity risk premiums, updated every month, are not designed to make big statements about markets but more to get inputs I need to value companies. In the table below, I show my estimates of the implied equity risk premium for the S&P 500 at the start of every month, since January 2024, and on March 14, 2025.

Start-ups 126

Start-ups Risk Premium Marketability Equity 126